The Resuscitation Room of the Future: A Systematic Review of Smart Technology and Integrated Monitoring in Critical Care Resuscitation
Abstract
Background: The resuscitation room is a high-stakes, time-sensitive environment where clinical decisions need to be swift and accurate. Traditional, disconnected monitoring systems and manual interventions result in cognitive overload and delay recognition and suboptimal care.
Aim: To synthesize the current evidence and conceptual frameworks for the "resuscitation room of the future," focusing on the role of noninvasive hemodynamic monitoring, continuous capnography, automated CPR devices, and smart intravenous pumps with electronic medical record integration.
Methods: Literature searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, and CINAHL for peer-reviewed articles, conference proceedings, and white papers from 2013 through 2025.
Results: The integration of these technologies demonstrates significant benefits. The non-invasive hemodynamic monitors can provide continuous, real-time data on cardiac output and fluid responsiveness to guide more precise resuscitation. Universal continuous capnography enhances the safety of procedural sedation and confirms endotracheal tube placement while serving as a prognostic marker in cardiac arrest. The automated CPR devices provide consistent, high-quality chest compressions and facilitate procedures during transport.
Conclusion: The resuscitation room is a rapidly evolving environment that will be highly integrated and dependent on data. Smart technologies and integrated monitoring systems hold great promise for decreasing human error, optimizing workflow, and enhancing the precision of resuscitative care. Future utilization will have to overcome the challenges of cost, interoperability, data security, and requirements for robust training if the full potential of this technological transformation is to be completely realized.
Full text article
References
Abutalib, F. M. (2025). Management of Acute Behavioral Emergencies in Adolescents: A Scoping Review. Saudi Journal of Medicine and Public Health, 2(1), 30-37. https://doi.org/10.64483/2025214
Allan, S. H., Doyle, P. A., Sapirstein, A., & Cvach, M. (2017). Data-driven implementation of alarm reduction interventions in a cardiovascular surgical ICU. The Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety, 43(2), 62-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjq.2016.11.004
Benoit, J. L., Lakshmanan, S., Farmer, S. J., Sun, Q., Gray, J. J., Sams, W., ... & McMullan, J. T. (2023). Ventilation rates measured by capnography during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest resuscitations and their association with return of spontaneous circulation. Resuscitation, 182, 109662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2022.11.028
Best, M. W., & Jabaley, C. S. (2019). Fluid management in septic shock: a review of physiology, goal-directed therapy, fluid dose, and selection. Current Anesthesiology Reports, 9(2), 151-157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40140-019-00330-3
Carra, G., Salluh, J. I., da Silva Ramos, F. J., & Meyfroidt, G. (2020). Data-driven ICU management: using big data and algorithms to improve outcomes. Journal of critical care, 60, 300-304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.09.002
Cereceda-Sánchez, F. J., & Molina-Mula, J. (2021). Use of supraglottic airway devices under capnography monitoring during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: A systematic review. Australian Critical Care, 34(3), 287-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aucc.2020.07.005
Coffey, C., Wurster, L. A., Groner, J., Hoffman, J., Hendren, V., Nuss, K., ... & Covert, J. (2015). A comparison of paper documentation to electronic documentation for trauma resuscitations at a level I pediatric trauma center. Journal of emergency nursing, 41(1), 52-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jen.2014.04.010
Deo, R. C. (2020). Machine learning in medicine: will this time be different?. Circulation, 142(16), 1521-1523. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.050583
Douglas, I. S., Elwan, M. H., Najarro, M., & Romagnoli, S. (2024). Dynamic monitoring tools for patients admitted to the emergency department with circulatory failure: narrative review with panel-based recommendations. European Journal of Emergency Medicine, 31(2), 98-107. DOI: 10.1097/MEJ.0000000000001103
Fallatah, A. R., Hawsawi, A. M. T., Makrami, R. A. H., Makrami, M. A. H., Jaber, S. A. H., sweet Alanazi, K. S., ... & Al-Dosari, N. M. H. (2024). The Effect of Climate Change on Nursing: Climate Health Emergencies Preparedness Amidst Extreme Weather Conditions. Saudi Journal of Medicine and Public Health, 1(1), 123-130. https://doi.org/10.64483/20251128
Fernandes, J., Jeronimo, C., Pereira, L., Dias, A., da Costa, R. L., & Gonçalves, R. (2022, September). Interoperability between health information systems. In International Conference on Sustainability in Software Engineering & Business Information Management (pp. 111-121). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32436-9_9
Gupta, S., & Alam, A. (2021). Shock index is better than conventional vital signs for assessing higher level of care and mortality in severe sepsis or shock. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 46, 545-549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2020.11.014
Hill, M. E., Aliaga, S. R., & Foglia, E. E. (2022, October). Learning with digital recording and video review of delivery room resuscitation. In Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Vol. 27, No. 5, p. 101396). WB Saunders. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.siny.2022.101396
Jalil, B. A., & Cavallazzi, R. (2018). Predicting fluid responsiveness: a review of literature and a guide for the clinician. The American journal of emergency medicine, 36(11), 2093-2102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2018.08.037
Kao, C. L., Chien, L. C., Wang, M. C., Tang, J. S., Huang, P. C., Chuang, C. C., & Shih, C. L. (2023). The development of new remote technologies in disaster medicine education: A scoping review. Frontiers in public health, 11, 1029558. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1029558
Levitt, C. V., Boone, K., Tran, Q. K., & Pourmand, A. (2023). Application of technology in cardiopulmonary resuscitation, a narrative review. Journal of clinical medicine, 12(23), 7383. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12237383
Li, H., Wang, D., Yu, Y., Zhao, X., & Jing, X. (2016). Mechanical versus manual chest compressions for cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine, 24(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13049-016-0202-y
Long, B., Koyfman, A., & Vivirito, M. A. (2017). Capnography in the emergency department: a review of uses, waveforms, and limitations. The Journal of emergency medicine, 53(6), 829-842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2017.08.026
Lt, K. (2000). To err is human: building a safer health system. Institute of Medicine, Committee on Quality of Health Care in America.
Madkhali, A. M., Bouri, H. A., Alotaibi, F. O. E., ALMUTAIRI, A. M. M., suliman Albalawi, T., Alotaibi, G. S., ... & Alotaibi, A. S. (2024). Potential Health Implications of Fifth Generation (5G) Wireless Communication Technology: A Review of Emerging Biological and Epidemiological Concerns. Saudi Journal of Medicine and Public Health, 1(1), 94-105. https://doi.org/10.64483/20251125
Munagandla¹, V. B., Pochu, S., Nersu, S. R. K., & Kathram, S. R. (2024). Real-Time Data Integration for Emergency Response in Healthcare Systems. Journal of AI-Powered Medical Innovations, 3(1), 25-38. https://doi.org/10.60087/Japmi.Vol.03.Issue.01
Nguyen, C., Parfianowicz, D., & Bennett, C. (2024). Point of care ultrasound and shock: The value in bedside diagnosis and hemodynamic assessment in undifferentiated shock patients. Journal of Translational Critical Care Medicine, 6(3), e24-00010. DOI: 10.1097/JTCCM-D-24-00010
Pal, J. D., Cleveland, J., Reece, B. T., Byrd, J., Pierce, C. N., Brieke, A., & Cornwell, W. K. (2020). Cardiac Emergencies in Patients with Left Ventricular Assist Devices. Heart Failure Clinics, 16(3), 295-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hfc.2020.02.003
Sharifi, A. M. (2025). A Review of the Impacts of Climate Change on Emergency Medicine: Increased Natural Disasters and Their Related Health Impacts. Saudi Journal of Medicine and Public Health, 2(1), 21-29. https://doi.org/10.64483/jmph-25
Skog, J., Rafie, S., Schnock, K. O., Yoon, C., Lipsitz, S., & Lew, P. (2022). The impact of smart pump interoperability on errors in intravenous infusion administrations: a multihospital before and after study. Journal of Patient Safety, 18(3), e666-e671. DOI: 10.1097/PTS.0000000000000905
Sutherland, A., Jones, M. D., Howlett, M., Arenas-Lopez, S., Patel, A., & Franklin, B. D. (2022). Developing strategic recommendations for implementing smart pumps in advanced healthcare systems to improve intravenous medication safety. Drug Safety, 45(8), 881-889. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40264-022-01203-1
Szarpak, L., Truszewski, Z., Czyzewski, L., Frass, M., & Robak, O. (2017). CPR using the lifeline ARM mechanical chest compression device: a randomized, crossover, manikin trial. The American journal of emergency medicine, 35(1), 96-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2016.10.012
Walker, D. M., Tarver, W. L., Jonnalagadda, P., Ranbom, L., Ford, E. W., & Rahurkar, S. (2023). Perspectives on challenges and opportunities for interoperability: findings from key informant interviews with stakeholders in Ohio. JMIR Medical Informatics, 11(1), e43848. https://doi.org/10.2196/43848
Waterson, J., Al-Jaber, R., Kassab, T., & Al-Jazairi, A. S. (2020). Twelve-month review of infusion pump near-miss medication and dose selection errors and user-initiated “good save” corrections: retrospective study. JMIR Human Factors, 7(3), e20364. https://doi.org/10.2196/20364
Zaloznik Djordjevic, J., Oezkan, T., Goencz, E., Ksela, J., Moeckel, M., & Strnad, M. (2023). Common complications and cardiopulmonary resuscitation in patients with left ventricular assist devices: A narrative review. Medicina, 59(11), 1981. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59111981
Authors
Copyright (c) 2025 Thamer Abdullah Alenezi, Ahmed Abdulaziz Alanazi, Hamoud Zaki Alanazi, Mansuor Farhan Alenzi, Yahia Nafaa Alenez, Musallam Humidan ALanzi, Abdullah Owaid Alanazi, Abdulrahman Mohammed Alanazi, Bandar Dali Zaidan Al-Hazmi, Abdulaziz Khalaf Habib Alanazi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.