Latent Tuberculosis Infection: Integrated Laboratory Diagnostics and Public Health–Epidemiologic Strategies for Detection, Surveillance, and Prevention
Abstract
Background: Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, remains a major global health challenge, with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) serving as a critical reservoir for future active disease. Approximately one-third of the world’s population is infected, yet most remain asymptomatic, creating diagnostic and preventive complexities.
Aim: To review integrated laboratory diagnostics and public health strategies for LTBI detection, surveillance, and prevention, emphasizing risk stratification and safe treatment practices.
Methods: This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on LTBI epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic modalities—including tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs)—and management approaches. It draws on global guidelines and recent studies addressing diagnostic limitations, treatment efficacy, and toxicity mitigation.
Results: LTBI diagnosis relies on immune-based tests interpreted within clinical and epidemiologic context, as neither TST nor IGRA distinguishes active disease. Chest radiography and sputum analysis remain essential to exclude active TB. Preventive regimens—isoniazid monotherapy (6–9 months), rifampicin monotherapy (3–4 months), or rifamycin–isoniazid combinations—reduce progression risk by 60–90%. However, hepatotoxicity and adherence challenges necessitate individualized risk–benefit assessment, baseline liver monitoring, and patient education. Emerging biomarkers and shorter regimens promise improved precision and completion rates.
Conclusion: Effective LTBI control requires integrated diagnostics, targeted treatment, and interprofessional collaboration. Advances in biomarker research and patient-centered strategies are pivotal for optimizing prevention and minimizing harm.
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References
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Copyright (c) 2025 Maram Hassan Almuzaini, Abdulrahman Mohammed Ali Munthiri, Ali Mohammed Al Amer, Fatema Ibrahim Aqeeli, Asmaa Suliman Hadi Thaker, Faisal Razhan Mohamed Alshehri, Sami Mohammed Alharbi, Najla Dakel Salemaljam, Waleed Ali Ahmed Maghfuri, Abdullah Mohammed Abdullah Alomi, Munirah Falah Zidan Alazmi, Abdullah Essa Magbol Oraybi, Khaled Saud Alharbi
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