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Copyright (c) 2024 Abdulamlik Salem AlSuwailim, Mohammad Ali AlHarbi, Abdullah Mishal AlOtibi, Ahlam Yslam Saleh Alsaiari, Sabah Ali Obada Zain, Lamis Hasan Alabdaly, Muhammad Omar Aqili, Tahani Hassan Hessien Eshwi, Shaya Ali Suwaydi, Shaima Mohammed Madkhali

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Preventive Healthcare Across the Life Course: An Integrated Approach to Nursing, Oral Health, Rehabilitation, Informatics, and Health Administration
Corresponding Author(s) : Abdulamlik Salem AlSuwailim
Saudi Journal of Medicine and Public Health, Vol. 1 No. 2 (2024)
Abstract
Background: The global burden of chronic and non-communicable diseases is escalating, necessitating a paradigm shift from reactive, disease-centric care to proactive, preventive healthcare. This shift requires an integrated, multidisciplinary approach that transcends traditional professional silos.
Aim: This narrative review aims to synthesize contemporary literature (2015-2024) to explore the conceptual underpinnings and practical applications of an integrated preventive healthcare model across the life course. It specifically focuses on the synergistic roles of nursing, oral health, rehabilitation, health informatics, and health administration.
Methods: A structured narrative review was conducted. Literature was sourced from electronic databases including PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science.
Results: The review identified five key thematic pillars for an integrated preventive model: 1) Nursing as the coordinator and primary prevention advocate; 2) Oral health's critical role in systemic health and its links to chronic diseases; 3) Rehabilitation as a strategy to prevent disability; 4) Health informatics for risk stratification and population health management; and 5) Health administration for strategic vision and resource allocation. Barriers to integration include siloed funding, fragmented data systems, workforce shortages, and a culture of curative medicine.
Conclusion: An integrated, life course-oriented preventive healthcare model is essential and requires restructuring healthcare delivery through interprofessional education, shared data systems, and value-based payment models that incentivize prevention. The five examined disciplines can collaboratively shape this future, advancing from co-location to genuine collaborative practice.
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- Adler-Milstein, J., & Jha, A. K. (2017). HITECH Act drove large gains in hospital electronic health record adoption. Health affairs, 36(8), 1416-1422. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2016.1651
- Anderson, L., Thompson, D. R., Oldridge, N., Zwisler, A. D., Rees, K., Martin, N., & Taylor, R. S. (2016). Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease. Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (1). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001800.pub3
- Barker, D. J. (2004). The developmental origins of adult disease. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 23(sup6), 588S-595S. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2004.10719428
- Baker, P. G. (2010). Framework for action on interprofessional education and collaborative practice.
- Bates, D. W., Saria, S., Ohno-Machado, L., Shah, A., & Escobar, G. (2014). Big data in health care: using analytics to identify and manage high-risk and high-cost patients. Health affairs, 33(7), 1123-1131. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2014.0041
- Bernstein, J., Gebel, C., Vargas, C., Geltman, P., Walter, A., Garcia, R., & Tinanoff, N. (2017). Listening to paediatric primary care nurses: a qualitative study of the potential for interprofessional oral health practice in six federally qualified health centres in Massachusetts and Maryland. BMJ open, 7(3), e014124. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014124
- Berwick, D. M., Nolan, T. W., & Whittington, J. (2008). The triple aim: care, health, and cost. Health affairs, 27(3), 759-769. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.27.3.759
- Bodenheimer, T., & Sinsky, C. (2014). From triple to quadruple aim: care of the patient requires care of the provider. The Annals of Family Medicine, 12(6), 573-576. https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.1713
- Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
- Casey, D. Y. M. P. N. A., Devane, D., Murphy, K., Murphy, E., & Lacasse, Y. (2015). Pulmonary rehabilitation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.
- Cresswell, K. M., Mozaffar, H., Lee, L., Williams, R., & Sheikh, A. (2017). Safety risks associated with the lack of integration and interfacing of hospital health information technologies: a qualitative study of hospital electronic prescribing systems in England. BMJ Quality & Safety, 26(7), 530-541. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2015-004925
- D'Aiuto, F., Gkranias, N., Bhowruth, D., Khan, T., Orlandi, M., Suvan, J., ... & Mellor, T. (2018). Systemic effects of periodontitis treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes: a 12 month, single-centre, investigator-masked, randomised trial. The lancet Diabetes & endocrinology, 6(12), 954-965. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30038-X
- de Silva Etges, A. P. B., Liu, H. H., Jones, P., & Polanczyk, C. A. (2023). Value-based reimbursement as a mechanism to achieve social and financial impact in the healthcare system. Journal of health economics and outcomes research, 10(2), 100. https://doi.org/10.36469/001c.89151
- Dominy, S. S., Lynch, C., Ermini, F., Benedyk, M., Marczyk, A., Konradi, A., ... & Potempa, J. (2019). Porphyromonas gingivalis in Alzheimer’s disease brains: Evidence for disease causation and treatment with small-molecule inhibitors. Science advances, 5(1), eaau3333. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau3333
- Dörfer, C., Benz, C., Aida, J., & Campard, G. (2017). The relationship of oral health with general health and NCDs: a brief review. International dental journal, 67, 14-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/idj.12360
- Engebretson, S., & Kocher, T. (2013). Evidence that periodontal treatment improves diabetes outcomes: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Journal of clinical periodontology, 40, S153-S163. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpe.12084
- Fineberg, H. V. (2013). The paradox of disease prevention: celebrated in principle, resisted in practice. Jama, 310(1). doi:10.1001/jama.2013.7518
- Frenk, J., Chen, L., Bhutta, Z. A., Cohen, J., Crisp, N., Evans, T., ... & Zurayk, H. (2010). Health professionals for a new century: transforming education to strengthen health systems in an interdependent world. The lancet, 376(9756), 1923-1958. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61854-5
- Gillespie, L. D., Robertson, M. C., Gillespie, W. J., Sherrington, C., Gates, S., Clemson, L., & Lamb, S. E. (2012). Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (9). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007146.pub3
- Green, B. N., Johnson, C. D., & Adams, A. (2006). Writing narrative literature reviews for peer-reviewed journals: secrets of the trade. Journal of chiropractic medicine, 5(3), 101-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-3467(07)60142-6
- Haleem, A., Javaid, M., Singh, R. P., & Suman, R. (2021). Telemedicine for healthcare: Capabilities, features, barriers, and applications. Sensors international, 2, 100117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sintl.2021.100117
- Halfon, N., Larson, K., Lu, M., Tullis, E., & Russ, S. (2014). Lifecourse health development: past, present and future. Maternal and child health journal, 18(2), 344-365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-013-1346-2
- Hoskote, A. R., Croce, E., & Johnson, K. E. (2023). The evolution of the role of US school nurses in adolescent mental health at the individual, community, and systems level: An integrative review. The Journal of School Nursing, 39(1), 51-71. https://doi.org/10.1177/10598405211068120
- Ismail, M. F. M., Shahadan, S. Z., Tuan Muda, T. S., Ahmad Zaki, M. A., & Mohamed Ludin, S. (2022). Maqasid al-Shari’ah as a Complementary Framework for International Council of Nurses (ICN) Code of Ethics for Nurses: Malaysian Context. Malaysian Journal of Qualitative Research, 8(1), 5-12.
- Jin, L. J., Lamster, I. B., Greenspan, J. S., Pitts, N. B., Scully, C., & Warnakulasuriya, S. (2016). Global burden of oral diseases: emerging concepts, management and interplay with systemic health. Oral diseases, 22(7), 609-619. https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.12428
- Kawamoto, K., Houlihan, C. A., Balas, E. A., & Lobach, D. F. (2005). Improving clinical practice using clinical decision support systems: a systematic review of trials to identify features critical to success. Bmj, 330(7494), 765. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38398.500764.8F
- Kemppainen, V., Tossavainen, K., & Turunen, H. (2013). Nurses' roles in health promotion practice: an integrative review. Health promotion international, 28(4), 490-501. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/das034
- Liljeroos, M., & Strömberg, A. (2019). Introducing nurse-led heart failure clinics in Swedish primary care settings. European journal of heart failure, 21(1), 103-109. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.1329
- Newhouse, R. P., Stanik-Hutt, J., White, K. M., Johantgen, M., Bass, E. B., Zangaro, G., ... & Weiner, J. P. (2011). Advanced practice nurse outcomes 1990-2008: a systematic review. Nursing economics, 29(5), 230.
- Novak, I., Morgan, C., Fahey, M., Finch-Edmondson, M., Galea, C., Hines, A., ... & Badawi, N. (2020). State of the evidence traffic lights 2019: systematic review of interventions for preventing and treating children with cerebral palsy. Current neurology and neuroscience reports, 20(2), 3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-020-1022-z
- Obermeyer, Z., & Emanuel, E. J. (2016). Predicting the future—big data, machine learning, and clinical medicine. The New England journal of medicine, 375(13), 1216. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1606181
- Olds, D. L., Kitzman, H., Anson, E., Smith, J. A., Knudtson, M. D., Miller, T., ... & Conti, G. (2019). Prenatal and infancy nurse home visiting effects on mothers: 18-year follow-up of a randomized trial. Pediatrics, 144(6), e20183889. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-3889
- Petersen, P. E., Baez, R. J., & Ogawa, H. (2020). Global application of oral disease prevention and health promotion as measured 10 years after the 2007 World Health Assembly statement on oral health. Community dentistry and oral epidemiology, 48(4), 338-348. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdoe.12538
- Porter, M. E., & Lee, T. H. (2013). The strategy that will fix health care. Harv Bus Rev, 91(10), 50-70.
- Rudolph, L., Caplan, J., Mitchell, C., Ben-Moshe, K., & Dillon, L. (2013). Health in all policies: improving health through intersectoral collaboration. NAM Perspectives.
- Santa Mina, D., Brahmbhatt, P., Lopez, C., Baima, J., Gillis, C., Trachtenberg, L., & Silver, J. K. (2017). The case for prehabilitation prior to breast cancer treatment. PM&R, 9, S305-S316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2017.08.402
- Sanz, M., Marco del Castillo, A., Jepsen, S., Gonzalez‐Juanatey, J. R., D’Aiuto, F., Bouchard, P., ... & Wimmer, G. (2020). Periodontitis and cardiovascular diseases: Consensus report. Journal of clinical periodontology, 47(3), 268-288. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpe.13189
- Scannapieco, F. A., & Cantos, A. (2016). Oral inflammation and infection, and chronic medical diseases: implications for the elderly. Periodontology 2000, 72(1), 153-175. https://doi.org/10.1111/prd.12129
- Shanafelt, T. D., & Noseworthy, J. H. (2017, January). Executive leadership and physician well-being: nine organizational strategies to promote engagement and reduce burnout. In Mayo clinic proceedings (Vol. 92, No. 1, pp. 129-146). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.10.004
- Spaulding, E. M., Marvel, F. A., Jacob, E., Rahman, A., Hansen, B. R., Hanyok, L. A., ... & Han, H. R. (2021). Interprofessional education and collaboration among healthcare students and professionals: a systematic review and call for action. Journal of interprofessional care, 35(4), 612-621. https://doi.org/10.1080/13561820.2019.1697214
- Starzyńska, A., Wychowański, P., Nowak, M., Sobocki, B. K., Jereczek-Fossa, B. A., & Słupecka-Ziemilska, M. (2022). Association between maternal periodontitis and development of systematic diseases in offspring. International journal of molecular sciences, 23(5), 2473. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052473
- Stoltzfus, M., Kaur, A., Chawla, A., Gupta, V., Anamika, F. N. U., & Jain, R. (2023). The role of telemedicine in healthcare: an overview and update. The Egyptian Journal of Internal Medicine, 35(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43162-023-00234-z
- Stucki, G., Bickenbach, J., Gutenbrunner, C., & Melvin, J. L. (2018). Rehabilitation: The health strategy of the 21st century. https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-2200
- Swan, M., Ferguson, S., Chang, A., Larson, E., & Smaldone, A. (2015). Quality of primary care by advanced practice nurses: a systematic review. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 27(5), 396-404. https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzv054
- World Health Organization. (2021). Tracking universal health coverage: 2021 global monitoring report. World Health Organization.
- World Health Organization. (2022). WHO European conference on tackling noncommunicable diseases through digital solutions, 14–15 December 2021, Moscow. Good practice examples: European Response to Noncommunicable Diseases 4.0: 10 years following the Moscow Declaration viewed through the lens of the European Programme of Work (No. WHO/EURO: 2022-4573-44336-62640). World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe.
References
Adler-Milstein, J., & Jha, A. K. (2017). HITECH Act drove large gains in hospital electronic health record adoption. Health affairs, 36(8), 1416-1422. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2016.1651
Anderson, L., Thompson, D. R., Oldridge, N., Zwisler, A. D., Rees, K., Martin, N., & Taylor, R. S. (2016). Exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease. Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (1). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001800.pub3
Barker, D. J. (2004). The developmental origins of adult disease. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 23(sup6), 588S-595S. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2004.10719428
Baker, P. G. (2010). Framework for action on interprofessional education and collaborative practice.
Bates, D. W., Saria, S., Ohno-Machado, L., Shah, A., & Escobar, G. (2014). Big data in health care: using analytics to identify and manage high-risk and high-cost patients. Health affairs, 33(7), 1123-1131. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2014.0041
Bernstein, J., Gebel, C., Vargas, C., Geltman, P., Walter, A., Garcia, R., & Tinanoff, N. (2017). Listening to paediatric primary care nurses: a qualitative study of the potential for interprofessional oral health practice in six federally qualified health centres in Massachusetts and Maryland. BMJ open, 7(3), e014124. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014124
Berwick, D. M., Nolan, T. W., & Whittington, J. (2008). The triple aim: care, health, and cost. Health affairs, 27(3), 759-769. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.27.3.759
Bodenheimer, T., & Sinsky, C. (2014). From triple to quadruple aim: care of the patient requires care of the provider. The Annals of Family Medicine, 12(6), 573-576. https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.1713
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Casey, D. Y. M. P. N. A., Devane, D., Murphy, K., Murphy, E., & Lacasse, Y. (2015). Pulmonary rehabilitation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.
Cresswell, K. M., Mozaffar, H., Lee, L., Williams, R., & Sheikh, A. (2017). Safety risks associated with the lack of integration and interfacing of hospital health information technologies: a qualitative study of hospital electronic prescribing systems in England. BMJ Quality & Safety, 26(7), 530-541. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2015-004925
D'Aiuto, F., Gkranias, N., Bhowruth, D., Khan, T., Orlandi, M., Suvan, J., ... & Mellor, T. (2018). Systemic effects of periodontitis treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes: a 12 month, single-centre, investigator-masked, randomised trial. The lancet Diabetes & endocrinology, 6(12), 954-965. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30038-X
de Silva Etges, A. P. B., Liu, H. H., Jones, P., & Polanczyk, C. A. (2023). Value-based reimbursement as a mechanism to achieve social and financial impact in the healthcare system. Journal of health economics and outcomes research, 10(2), 100. https://doi.org/10.36469/001c.89151
Dominy, S. S., Lynch, C., Ermini, F., Benedyk, M., Marczyk, A., Konradi, A., ... & Potempa, J. (2019). Porphyromonas gingivalis in Alzheimer’s disease brains: Evidence for disease causation and treatment with small-molecule inhibitors. Science advances, 5(1), eaau3333. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau3333
Dörfer, C., Benz, C., Aida, J., & Campard, G. (2017). The relationship of oral health with general health and NCDs: a brief review. International dental journal, 67, 14-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/idj.12360
Engebretson, S., & Kocher, T. (2013). Evidence that periodontal treatment improves diabetes outcomes: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Journal of clinical periodontology, 40, S153-S163. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpe.12084
Fineberg, H. V. (2013). The paradox of disease prevention: celebrated in principle, resisted in practice. Jama, 310(1). doi:10.1001/jama.2013.7518
Frenk, J., Chen, L., Bhutta, Z. A., Cohen, J., Crisp, N., Evans, T., ... & Zurayk, H. (2010). Health professionals for a new century: transforming education to strengthen health systems in an interdependent world. The lancet, 376(9756), 1923-1958. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61854-5
Gillespie, L. D., Robertson, M. C., Gillespie, W. J., Sherrington, C., Gates, S., Clemson, L., & Lamb, S. E. (2012). Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (9). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007146.pub3
Green, B. N., Johnson, C. D., & Adams, A. (2006). Writing narrative literature reviews for peer-reviewed journals: secrets of the trade. Journal of chiropractic medicine, 5(3), 101-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-3467(07)60142-6
Haleem, A., Javaid, M., Singh, R. P., & Suman, R. (2021). Telemedicine for healthcare: Capabilities, features, barriers, and applications. Sensors international, 2, 100117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sintl.2021.100117
Halfon, N., Larson, K., Lu, M., Tullis, E., & Russ, S. (2014). Lifecourse health development: past, present and future. Maternal and child health journal, 18(2), 344-365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-013-1346-2
Hoskote, A. R., Croce, E., & Johnson, K. E. (2023). The evolution of the role of US school nurses in adolescent mental health at the individual, community, and systems level: An integrative review. The Journal of School Nursing, 39(1), 51-71. https://doi.org/10.1177/10598405211068120
Ismail, M. F. M., Shahadan, S. Z., Tuan Muda, T. S., Ahmad Zaki, M. A., & Mohamed Ludin, S. (2022). Maqasid al-Shari’ah as a Complementary Framework for International Council of Nurses (ICN) Code of Ethics for Nurses: Malaysian Context. Malaysian Journal of Qualitative Research, 8(1), 5-12.
Jin, L. J., Lamster, I. B., Greenspan, J. S., Pitts, N. B., Scully, C., & Warnakulasuriya, S. (2016). Global burden of oral diseases: emerging concepts, management and interplay with systemic health. Oral diseases, 22(7), 609-619. https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.12428
Kawamoto, K., Houlihan, C. A., Balas, E. A., & Lobach, D. F. (2005). Improving clinical practice using clinical decision support systems: a systematic review of trials to identify features critical to success. Bmj, 330(7494), 765. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38398.500764.8F
Kemppainen, V., Tossavainen, K., & Turunen, H. (2013). Nurses' roles in health promotion practice: an integrative review. Health promotion international, 28(4), 490-501. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/das034
Liljeroos, M., & Strömberg, A. (2019). Introducing nurse-led heart failure clinics in Swedish primary care settings. European journal of heart failure, 21(1), 103-109. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.1329
Newhouse, R. P., Stanik-Hutt, J., White, K. M., Johantgen, M., Bass, E. B., Zangaro, G., ... & Weiner, J. P. (2011). Advanced practice nurse outcomes 1990-2008: a systematic review. Nursing economics, 29(5), 230.
Novak, I., Morgan, C., Fahey, M., Finch-Edmondson, M., Galea, C., Hines, A., ... & Badawi, N. (2020). State of the evidence traffic lights 2019: systematic review of interventions for preventing and treating children with cerebral palsy. Current neurology and neuroscience reports, 20(2), 3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-020-1022-z
Obermeyer, Z., & Emanuel, E. J. (2016). Predicting the future—big data, machine learning, and clinical medicine. The New England journal of medicine, 375(13), 1216. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1606181
Olds, D. L., Kitzman, H., Anson, E., Smith, J. A., Knudtson, M. D., Miller, T., ... & Conti, G. (2019). Prenatal and infancy nurse home visiting effects on mothers: 18-year follow-up of a randomized trial. Pediatrics, 144(6), e20183889. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-3889
Petersen, P. E., Baez, R. J., & Ogawa, H. (2020). Global application of oral disease prevention and health promotion as measured 10 years after the 2007 World Health Assembly statement on oral health. Community dentistry and oral epidemiology, 48(4), 338-348. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdoe.12538
Porter, M. E., & Lee, T. H. (2013). The strategy that will fix health care. Harv Bus Rev, 91(10), 50-70.
Rudolph, L., Caplan, J., Mitchell, C., Ben-Moshe, K., & Dillon, L. (2013). Health in all policies: improving health through intersectoral collaboration. NAM Perspectives.
Santa Mina, D., Brahmbhatt, P., Lopez, C., Baima, J., Gillis, C., Trachtenberg, L., & Silver, J. K. (2017). The case for prehabilitation prior to breast cancer treatment. PM&R, 9, S305-S316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2017.08.402
Sanz, M., Marco del Castillo, A., Jepsen, S., Gonzalez‐Juanatey, J. R., D’Aiuto, F., Bouchard, P., ... & Wimmer, G. (2020). Periodontitis and cardiovascular diseases: Consensus report. Journal of clinical periodontology, 47(3), 268-288. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpe.13189
Scannapieco, F. A., & Cantos, A. (2016). Oral inflammation and infection, and chronic medical diseases: implications for the elderly. Periodontology 2000, 72(1), 153-175. https://doi.org/10.1111/prd.12129
Shanafelt, T. D., & Noseworthy, J. H. (2017, January). Executive leadership and physician well-being: nine organizational strategies to promote engagement and reduce burnout. In Mayo clinic proceedings (Vol. 92, No. 1, pp. 129-146). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.10.004
Spaulding, E. M., Marvel, F. A., Jacob, E., Rahman, A., Hansen, B. R., Hanyok, L. A., ... & Han, H. R. (2021). Interprofessional education and collaboration among healthcare students and professionals: a systematic review and call for action. Journal of interprofessional care, 35(4), 612-621. https://doi.org/10.1080/13561820.2019.1697214
Starzyńska, A., Wychowański, P., Nowak, M., Sobocki, B. K., Jereczek-Fossa, B. A., & Słupecka-Ziemilska, M. (2022). Association between maternal periodontitis and development of systematic diseases in offspring. International journal of molecular sciences, 23(5), 2473. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052473
Stoltzfus, M., Kaur, A., Chawla, A., Gupta, V., Anamika, F. N. U., & Jain, R. (2023). The role of telemedicine in healthcare: an overview and update. The Egyptian Journal of Internal Medicine, 35(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43162-023-00234-z
Stucki, G., Bickenbach, J., Gutenbrunner, C., & Melvin, J. L. (2018). Rehabilitation: The health strategy of the 21st century. https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-2200
Swan, M., Ferguson, S., Chang, A., Larson, E., & Smaldone, A. (2015). Quality of primary care by advanced practice nurses: a systematic review. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 27(5), 396-404. https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzv054
World Health Organization. (2021). Tracking universal health coverage: 2021 global monitoring report. World Health Organization.
World Health Organization. (2022). WHO European conference on tackling noncommunicable diseases through digital solutions, 14–15 December 2021, Moscow. Good practice examples: European Response to Noncommunicable Diseases 4.0: 10 years following the Moscow Declaration viewed through the lens of the European Programme of Work (No. WHO/EURO: 2022-4573-44336-62640). World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe.