Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Celiac Disease: Diagnostic, Nutritional, and Oral Health Implications
Abstract
Background: Celiac disease is a chronic, immune-mediated systemic disorder triggered by gluten ingestion in genetically susceptible individuals. It is characterized by small intestinal inflammation, villous atrophy, and malabsorption, leading to a wide spectrum of gastrointestinal and extraintestinal manifestations. With a global prevalence of approximately 1%, it is a common condition often underdiagnosed due to its heterogeneous clinical presentation.
Aim: This article provides a comprehensive, interdisciplinary review of celiac disease, focusing on its diagnostic pathways, nutritional management, and broader health implications, including significant oral health manifestations. The goal is to outline a collaborative care model for optimal patient outcomes.
Methods: The review synthesizes current guidelines and clinical practices, detailing the stepwise diagnostic process. This includes serological testing for anti-tissue transglutaminase IgA (with total IgA levels to check for deficiency) as the first-line investigation, followed by confirmatory histopathological analysis of duodenal biopsies. The cornerstone of management, a lifelong strict gluten-free diet (GFD), is examined in depth.
Results: Accurate diagnosis requires patients to be on a gluten-containing diet. A strict GFD leads to symptomatic relief, serological normalization, and mucosal healing. Management is complex, requiring ongoing nutritional counseling to prevent deficiencies and address challenges like cross-contamination. The disease is associated with complications including osteoporosis, infertility, and an increased risk of lymphoma if untreated.
Conclusion: Effective management of celiac disease necessitates a lifelong, strict gluten-free diet and a proactive, interprofessional healthcare team. This collaborative approach is essential for accurate diagnosis, effective patient education, prevention of complications, and improvement of long-term health and quality of life.
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Copyright (c) 2024 Saad Laiban B Al Rowaili, Nada Jameel Mohamed Salamah, Fahad Abdullah Hamood Alrowily, Ahood Ramadan Alhddad, Saud Abdulmohsen Alanzi, Ayman Ahmed Al-Otaibi, Abdulrhman Asker Almuathi, Mosallam saed Alattaf
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