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Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025)

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February 28, 2026
Published
December 31, 2025

Copyright (c) 2025 Amjad Hamad Ahmed Hadi, Abdulelah Omar Mousa Sharwani, Ahmed Mohammed Abdullah Madkhali, Amro Ahmed Nasser Khamjan, Abdulaziz Mohammed Ali Ghazwi, Abu Bakr Mohammed Qaba Ahmed

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Epidemiological Profile and Current Trends of Malaria in the Middle East-An Updated Review

https://doi.org/10.64483/202522673
Amjad Hamad Ahmed Hadi
PHCC-Aboarish-Center, Jazan health cluster,Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
Abdulelah Omar Mousa Sharwani
PHCC-Aboarish-Center, Jazan health cluster,Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
Ahmed Mohammed Abdullah Madkhali
PHCC-Aboarish-Center, Jazan health cluster,Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
Amro Ahmed Nasser Khamjan
Vector-borne diseases control-branch in Jazan,Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
Abdulaziz Mohammed Ali Ghazwi
Environmental health-Public Health Authority- Southern Sector,Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
Abu Bakr Mohammed Qaba Ahmed
Vector-borne diseases control-Public Health Authority- Southern Sector, Saudi Arabia

Corresponding Author(s) : Amjad Hamad Ahmed Hadi

Amjadhh@moh.gov.sa

Saudi Journal of Medicine and Public Health, Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025)

Abstract

Malaria remains one of the most significant parasitic diseases globally, causing hundreds of millions of infections and over 400,000 deaths annually, predominantly among children under five. Despite global progress, challenges such as imported malaria, drug resistance, climate change, and high-risk population mobility sustain persistent transmission risks in many regions. 


Aim: This review aims to summarize the epidemiological profile, trends, and emerging challenges of malaria in the Middle East and Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region, with emphasis on imported malaria dynamics and species distribution.


Methods: A comprehensive narrative review of recent WHO reports, national surveillance data, and published studies was conducted, focusing on indigenous and imported malaria patterns across Middle Eastern and GCC countries. 


Results: Malaria has been eliminated or greatly reduced in most Middle Eastern countries, except Yemen. Indigenous transmission persists mainly in Yemen and parts of other areas of middle east. Imported malaria constitutes the vast majority of cases in Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Bahrain, Oman, and other malaria-free nations, largely driven by expatriates and travelers from highly endemic countries such as India, Pakistan, Sudan, Nigeria, Ethiopia, and Afghanistan. P. vivax predominates in many GCC countries, whereas P. falciparum dominates in Yemen, Sudan, and parts of Saudi Arabia. Drug-resistant strains and HRP2/3 deletions pose diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. 


Conclusion: Although the Middle East has achieved substantial success in malaria control and elimination, imported malaria, ecological changes, and drug resistance remain critical threats that necessitate continuous surveillance and targeted prevention strateg


ies.

Keywords

Malaria, Middle East, GCC, imported malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, epidemiology, drug resistance.
Hadi, A. H. A., Abdulelah Omar Mousa Sharwani, Ahmed Mohammed Abdullah Madkhali, Amro Ahmed Nasser Khamjan, Abdulaziz Mohammed Ali Ghazwi, & Abu Bakr Mohammed Qaba Ahmed. (2025). Epidemiological Profile and Current Trends of Malaria in the Middle East-An Updated Review. Saudi Journal of Medicine and Public Health, 2(2), 3603–3614. https://doi.org/10.64483/202522673
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